28224: An Interesting Number

28224 has 194 entries in the OEIS which is extraordinarily high for a five digit number. In this post I'll be discussing some of this number's most interesting properties but not all of them. There are just too many. It's prime factorisation is:$$28224=2^6 \times 3^2 \times 7^2$$FIRST INTERESTING PROPERTY

Numbers that are perfect squares are quite rare in the range up to 40000. There are only 200 of them and 28224, my diurnal age today, is one of them. It has the property that:$$28224=168^2$$The number of days between my experience of them is a little less than a year. There is a gap of exactly 365 days between \(183^2\) and \(182^2\) since:$$ \begin{align} 183^2-182^2 &= (183 + 182)(183-182) \\ &=365 \times 1 \\ &=365 \end{align}$$I'll be \(33124\) or \(182^2\) days when I'm over \(90\) years old so I may not get to experience the transition from this square to the next.

28224 is also a Loeschian number since it is equal to \(72^2+ 72 \times 120 + 120^2\).

28224 also has a product of digits (256) that is a perfect square since \(256=16^2\).

SECOND INTERESTING PROPERTY

Numbers that are the sum of two positive cubes are relatively rare in the range up to 40000. In fact, there are only 378 numbers in the range up to 40000 and 28224 is one of them because:$$28224=22^3 + 26^3$$These numbers form OEIS A004999.

THIRD INTERESTING NUMBER

Energetic numbers are numbers that can be broken into two or more substrings and expressed as a sum of (possibly different) positive powers of those substrings. They form OEIS  A055480. 28224 is one such number because:$$28224=28^3 + 2^{11} + 2^7 + 4^6$$I discuss this category of numbers in my blog post Energetic Numbers.

FOURTH INTERESTING NUMBER

Friedman numbers are positive integers which can be written in some non-trivial way using its own digits, together with the symbols + – × / ^ ( ) and concatenation. 28224 is one such number because:$$28224 = (2 + 82)^2 × 4$$It is said to be a "nice" Friedman number because the digits are in the same order as the number. These numbers are listed on my blog post Narcissistic, D-Powerfull and Friedman Numbers.

FIFTH INTERESTING NUMBER

28224 has the property that certain of its factors (not necessarily prime) can be arranged to form a palindrome. Specifically:$$2 \times 2 \times 2 \times 882 \times 2 \times 2 = 22288222$$I've written about these sorts of numbers in a post titled Why Is 313131 An Interesting Number?

SIXTH INTERESTING PROPERTY

28224 is a concatenation of powers of 2 since:$$28224= 2^1 \; || \; 2^3 \; || \; 2^1 \; || \; 2^1 \; || \; 2^2$$I've written about numbers that can be formed in this way in a blog post titled Nothing New Under The Sun. It is also a concatenation of multiples of 7 since:$$28224= (7 \times 4) \, || \, (7 \times 32)$$I posted about these sorts of concatenations in my blog post More Numbers as Concatenations.

SEVENTH INTERESTING PROPERTY

28224 is a member of OEIS A253824 where$$ \text{numbers } m = s \, || \, t \text{ such that } m = \sigma(s) \times \sigma(t)$$where || represents concatenation. In the case of 28224 we have:$$ \begin{align} 28224 &= 28 \, || \, 224 \\ &= \sigma(28) \times \sigma(224) \\ &= 56 \times 504 \\ &=28224 \end{align}$$28224 is only the third such number in the range up to 40000. The two earlier numbers are 540 and 2352.

EIGHTH INTERESTING PROPERTY

28224 has a digit sum of 18 and when this is added to the number the result is 28242 which has the same digits as 28224 but in a slightly different order. This property makes it a member of OEIS A246420.

A246420

Numbers \(n\) such that \(n\)  + digit sum of \(n\) is a permutation of the decimal digits of \(n\) .

28215: An Interesting Number

I've heard it said that all numbers are interesting and that, if a number is not, then it's interesting because it's not. The number associated with my diurnal age today (\( \textbf{28215}\) ) is definitely interesting. 

FIRST INTERESTING PROPERTY

Its prime factorisation is as follows:$$28215=3^3 \times 5 \times 11 \times 19$$It has 32 proper divisors and these are:

1, 3, 5, 9, 11, 15, 19, 27, 33, 45, 55, 57, 95, 99, 135, 165, 171, 209, 285, 297, 495, 513, 627, 855, 1045, 1485, 1881, 2565, 3135, 5643, 9405

The sum of these divisors is 29385 and so the number is abundant because this sum exceeds the number itself. Furthermore, all of these divisors are deficient and this makes it primitive abundant. Lastly the number is odd. This makes 28215 an odd primitive abundant number and these sorts of numbers are quite rare. Here is the list of the 50 such numbers up to 40000 (permalink):

945, 1575, 2205, 3465, 4095, 5355, 5775, 5985, 6435, 6825, 7245, 7425, 8085, 8415, 8925, 9135, 9555, 9765, 11655, 12705, 12915, 13545, 14805, 15015, 16695, 18585, 19215, 19635, 21105, 21945, 22365, 22995, 23205, 24885, 25935, 26145, 26565, 28035, \( \textbf{28215}\), 29835, 30555, 31395, 31815, 32445, 33345, 33495, 33915, 34155, 35805, 39585

SECOND INTERESTING PROPERTY

It can be seen from its factorisation that 28215 is 6-almost prime and its reversal, 51282, is also 6-almost prime:$$ \begin{align} 28215 &=3^3 \times 5 \times 11 \times 19 \\ 51282 &= 2 \times 3^2 \times 7 \times 11 \times 37 \end{align}$$While this property is not quite are rare as being odd primitive abundant, there are still only 118 such numbers in the range up to 40000. These are (permalink):

2576, 2772, 2970, 2992, 4284, 4356, 4410, 4600, 4698, 4824, 5265, 5625, 6534, 6752, 6776, 6900, 8008, 8250, 8964, 10710, 10890, 13140, 13986, 16236, 16335, 17577, 18504, 19494, 20286, 20574, 21112, 21114, 21150, 21160, 21336, 21492, 21576, 21609, 21712, 21900, 21912, 21996, 22392, 22770, 22788, 22824, 22869, 23058, 23247, 23250, 23496, 23562, 23580, 23598, 23632, 23832, 24156, 24660, 24975, 25020, 25092, 25104, 25164, 25245, 25300, 25416, 25434, 25452, 25608, 25668, 25752, 25952, 26163, 26334, 26532, 27060, 27108, 27135, 27192, 27240, 27248, 27270, 27405, 27408, 27468, 27472, 27588, 27608, 27636, 27816, 28116, \( \textbf{28215} \), 28314, 28710, 28782, 28890, 29052, 29172, 29322, 29340, 29392, 29412, 29580, 29750, 29784, 29835, 29900, 29960, 29984, 32967, 34965, 35775, 35937, 36162, 36990, 37026, 38367, 38934

I explore this reversibility extensively in my post titled Beyond Emirp from July 2025.

THIRD INTERESTING PROPERTY

The totient of a number \(n\) (commonly known as Euler's totient function or phi function, denoted as \(\phi(n)\)) counts the number of positive integers up to \(n\) that share no common factors with \(n\) other than 1. These numbers are called "relatively prime" or "coprime" to \(n\).

28215 has the property that it and its reversal, 51282, both have the same totient. Thus:$$ \phi(28215)=\phi(51282)=12960 $$This property is the rarest of all because in the range up to 40000 there are only 25 numbers with this property. They are:

190, 427, 429, 724, 924, 4147, 4697, 6276, 6726, 7414, 7964, 9079, 9709, 10040, 10940, 14450, 15860, 19190, 20493, 20553, 28092, \( \textbf{28215}\), 29082, 35502, 39402

FOURTH INTERESTING PROPERTY

28215 is a member of OEIS  A076773:

A076773   2-nadirs of \( \phi\) : numbers \( k \text{ such that }\)  

\( \phi(k-2) \gt \phi(k-1) \gt \phi(k) \lt \phi(k+1) \lt \phi(k+2) \)

I covered this in a post titled Totient Function: Jagged Versus Rounded Local Minima back in March of 2025. Figure 1 gives an idea of what is going on:

Figure 1

Here the \(\phi\) values for 28213, 28214, 26215, 28216, 28217 are:$$27808 \lt14106 \lt 12960 \lt14104 \lt23184$$There are 238 such minima in the range up to 40000:

315, 525, 735, 1155, 1365, 1575, 1755, 1785, 1815, 1995, 2145, 2415, 2475, 2805, 3045, 3315, 3465, 3885, 4095, 4125, 4305, 4515, 4725, 4935, 5115, 5145, 5355, 5775, 6045, 6195, 6405, 6435, 6615, 6825, 7035, 7095, 7245, 7395, 7455, 7605, 7665, 8085, 8265, 8505, 8715, 8745, 8925, 9135, 9345, 9405, 9555, 9735, 9765, 9975, 10185, 10395, 10455, 10545, 10815, 10965, 11055, 11235, 11385, 11445, 11655, 11865, 12075, 12285, 12495, 12675, 12705, 12915, 13125, 13335, 13545, 13695, 13965, 14025, 14175, 14355, 14385, 14595, 14805, 14835, 15015, 15045, 15225, 15405, 15435, 15645, 15675, 15855, 16005, 16065, 16275, 16335, 16485, 16695, 16905, 17085, 17325, 17355, 17745, 17955, 18135, 18165, 18375, 18585, 18645, 18795, 18975, 19215, 19425, 19635, 19665, 20055, 20265, 20295, 20475, 20625, 20685, 20865, 20895, 21105, 21255, 21315, 21525, 21945, 22365, 22425, 22575, 22605, 22785, 22995, 23205, 23265, 23415, 23595, 23625, 23655, 23835, 23985, 24225, 24255, 24675, 24885, 24915, 25095, 25245, 25305, 25515, 25575, 25725, 25905, 25935, 26145, 26325, 26565, 26775, 26985, 27027, 27195, 27615, 27825, 27885, 28035, \( \textbf{28215}\), 28245, 28275, 28455, 28665, 28815, 28875, 29055, 29295, 29505, 29865, 29925, 30195, 30345, 30555, 30723, 30765, 30975, 31185, 31365, 31395, 31605, 31815, 32025, 32175, 32235, 32445, 32655, 32835, 32895, 33033, 33075, 33345, 33495, 33705, 33735, 33915, 34125, 34155, 34335, 34485, 34515, 34545, 34755, 34965, 35175, 35385, 35805, 36225, 36435, 36465, 36645, 36795, 36855, 37065, 37275, 37455, 37485, 37695, 37905, 38115, 38535, 38745, 38775, 38955, 39165, 39195, 39375, 39435, 39585, 39765, 39795

FIFTH INTERESTING PROPERTY

28215 is also a member of A323380:

A323380  2-zeniths of \(\sigma\): numbers \( k \text{ such that }\)

                    \( \sigma(k-2) \lt \sigma(k-1) \lt \sigma(k) \gt \sigma(k+1) \gt \sigma(k+2) \)

I covered this in a post titled Totient and Sigma Graphs Revisited in August of 2025. Figure 2 shows what's going on and it's the local zenith replacing the local nadir of the totient graph:

Figure 2

Here the sigma values for 28213, 28214, 26215, 28216, 28217 are:$$28620 \lt 42324 \lt 57600 \gt52920 \gt 33600$$Below is a list of numbers up to 40000 that belong to BOTH OEIS A323380 and OEIS A076773 (sigma and totient respectively):

315, 525, 1155, 1575, 1755, 1785, 1995, 2475, 2805, 3045, 3315, 3465, 3885, 4095, 4125, 4515, 4725, 5115, 5355, 5775, 6045, 6195, 6405, 6435, 6615, 6825, 7035, 7245, 7605, 8085, 8505, 8715, 8925, 9135, 9405, 9555, 9765, 9975, 10395, 11235, 11385, 11445, 11655, 12075, 12285, 12675, 12705, 12915, 13125, 13545, 13965, 14025, 14175, 14355, 14595, 14805, 15015, 15435, 15645, 15675, 16005, 16065, 16275, 16335, 16695, 16905, 17325, 17745, 17955, 18135, 18375, 18585, 18795, 19215, 19635, 20475, 20685, 21105, 21315, 21525, 21945, 22365, 22605, 22995, 23205, 23595, 23625, 23835, 24255, 24675, 24885, 24915, 25245, 25515, 25725, 25935, 26325, 26565, 26775, 27027, 27195, 27885, 28035, \( \textbf{28215}\), 28245, 28275, 28665, 28875, 29295, 29925, 30195, 30345, 30555, 30723, 30765, 31185, 31365, 31395, 31605, 31815, 32025, 32175, 32235, 32445, 32835, 33075, 33345, 33495, 33915, 34125, 34155, 34485, 34515, 34755, 34965, 35175, 35805, 36225, 36435, 36645, 36795, 36855, 37275, 37485, 38115, 38745, 38955, 39165, 39195, 39375, 39435, 39585, 39765, 39795

SIXTH INTERESTING PROPERTY

28215 has a totient and sum of divisors that have 2, 3 and 5 as their distinct prime factors:$$ \begin{align} \sigma(28215) &= 57600 = 2^8 \times 3^2 \times 5^2 \rightarrow 2, 3, 5 \text{ as distinct prime factors} \\ \phi(28215) &= 12960 = 2^5 \times 3^4 \times 5 \rightarrow 2, 3, 5 \text{ as distinct prime factors} \end{align} $$There are 143 such numbers in the range from 28215 to 40000:

\( \textbf{28215} \), 28258, 28329, 28340, 28424, 28458, 28614, 28728, 28768, 28782, 28809, 28826, 28985, 29029, 29222, 29260, 29295, 29337, 29393, 29512, 29640, 29667, 29678, 29835, 29848, 30039, 30184, 30240, 30264, 30305, 30381, 30504, 30566, 30760, 30780, 30814, 30888, 30914, 30943, 30956, 30996, 31008, 31027, 31160, 31174, 31283, 31331, 31392, 31416, 31465, 31496, 31529, 31806, 31816, 32103, 32130, 32131, 32298, 32376, 32395, 32589, 32604, 32718, 32802, 32984, 33015, 33176, 33292, 33345, 33383, 33440, 33480, 33495, 33497, 33528, 33572, 33592, 33836, 33885, 33915, 34008, 34162, 34276, 34293, 34317, 34440, 34452, 34573, 34580, 34605, 34782, 34884, 35061, 35074, 35112, 35340, 35343, 35424, 35464, 35530, 35752, 35805, 35910, 35948, 35960, 36366, 36423, 36666, 36828, 36859, 36860, 36890, 36920, 37060, 37128, 37417, 37638, 37719, 37730, 37758, 37772, 37961, 38038, 38152, 38285, 38340, 38368, 38408, 38610, 38745, 38760, 38874, 39032, 39121, 39219, 39270, 39370, 39458, 39501, 39520, 39556, 39576, 39729

SEVENTH INTERESTING PROPERTY

28215 is what I've termed an \(a,b,c,d\) number because it can be combined with three other numbers, all with the same digits, to form a simple additive equation and this can be done in two different ways. Here is what I mean:$$ \begin{align} 25182 + 28125 + \textbf{28215} &= 81522 \\ 25812 + 28125 + \textbf{28215} &= 82152 \end{align}$$Here are the numbers with this property in the range from 28215 to 40000:

\( \textbf{28215}\), 28260, 28269, 28359, 28413, 28458, 28467, 28476, 28512, 28521, 28539, 28548, 28593, 28611, 28647, 28674, 28692, 28701, 28710, 28719, 28746, 28764, 28791, 28845, 28854, 28863, 28917, 28935, 28953, 28962, 28971, 29016, 29034, 29043, 29061, 29106, 29160, 29178, 29187, 29268, 29304, 29340, 29358, 29367, 29385, 29394, 29439, 29448, 29475, 29493, 29538, 29583, 29601, 29610, 29628, 29637, 29673, 29682, 29718, 29754, 29763, 29781, 29817, 29835, 29853, 29871, 29961, 30015, 30150, 30159, 30168, 30195, 30285, 30294, 30429, 30492, 30519, 30582, 30591, 30627, 30681, 30726, 30825, 30852, 30924, 30942, 30951, 31059, 31068, 31149, 31158, 31176, 31185, 31464, 31491, 31509, 31590, 31599, 31608, 31635, 31644, 31653, 31680, 31689, 31698, 31761, 31788, 31806, 31815, 31842, 31860, 31869, 31878, 31896, 31905, 31959, 31968, 31986, 31995, 32049, 32076, 32085, 32148, 32418, 32481, 32490, 32499, 32580, 32607, 32679, 32697, 32760, 32769, 32796, 32814, 32841, 32850, 32859, 32886, 32895, 32904, 32958, 32967, 32976, 32985, 32994, 34029, 34119, 34128, 34164, 34182, 34218, 34281, 34299, 34461, 34614, 34641, 34812, 34821, 34911, 34992, 35019, 35082, 35091, 35109, 35118, 35190, 35217, 35271, 35631, 35712, 35721, 35802, 35820, 35829, 35892, 35910, 35982, 35991, 36018, 36108, 36117, 36135, 36144, 36153, 36171, 36198, 36261, 36279, 36288, 36297, 36315, 36351, 36414, 36513, 36531, 36621, 36711, 36729, 36792, 36810, 36819, 36918, 36927, 36972, 36981, 37116, 37125, 37161, 37179, 37197, 37215, 37251, 37269, 37296, 37521, 37611, 37629, 37719, 37917, 37962, 38016, 38061, 38106, 38115, 38142, 38151, 38160, 38169, 38187, 38196, 38214, 38241, 38286, 38295, 38412, 38511, 38529, 38592, 38610, 38619, 38682, 38691, 38817, 38826, 38871, 38916, 38925, 38952, 38961, 39015, 39024, 39042, 39051, 39105, 39150, 39159, 39177, 39186, 39195, 39204, 39258, 39285, 39402, 39411, 39420, 39492, 39501, 39510, 39528, 39582, 39591, 39618, 39627, 39672, 39681, 39717, 39726, 39762, 39816, 39825, 39852, 39861, 39942, 39951

EIGHTH INTERESTING PROPERTY

If the prime factors, with multiplicity, of 28215 are concatenated in ascending order, they form a prime number. Thus:$$28215 =3^3 \times 5 \times 11 \times 19 \rightarrow 33351119$$Such a prime is called the home prime and so 28215 is only one step removed from its home prime. There are many other concatenations that yield primes and all the possibilities are listed below (permalink):

11193353, 11319533, 11335193, 19331153, 19335311, 19351133, 19511333, 31119353, 31131953, 31133519, 31153193, 31933511, 31951133, 31953113, 33191153, 33195311, 33311519, \( \textbf{33351119} \), 35113193, 35191133, 35193311, 35319113, 35331119, 35331911, 51131933, 51133193

This property, of being one step removed from its home prime, is relatively common but nonetheless interesting.

NINTH INTERESTING PROPERTY

28215 is a member of the commas sequence beginning with 8. I explore sequences of this type in my blog post The Commas Sequence from December of 2023. The full trajectory up to 40000 is as follows:

[8, 97, 168, 250, 252, 274, 317, 390, 393, 427, 502, 527, 603, 639, 736, 804, 852, 880, 888, 977, 1048, 1129, 1220, 1221, 1232, 1253, 1284, 1325, 1376, 1437, 1508, 1589, 1680, 1681, 1692, 1713, 1744, 1785, 1836, 1897, 1968, 2050, 2052, 2074, 2116, 2178, 2260, 2262, 2284, 2326, 2388, 2470, 2472, 2494, 2536, 2598, 2680, 2682, 2704, 2746, 2808, 2890, 2892, 2914, 2956, 3019, 3112, 3135, 3188, 3271, 3284, 3327, 3400, 3403, 3436, 3499, 3592, 3615, 3668, 3751, 3764, 3807, 3880, 3883, 3916, 3979, 4073, 4107, 4181, 4195, 4249, 4343, 4377, 4451, 4465, 4519, 4613, 4647, 4721, 4735, 4789, 4883, 4917, 4991, 5006, 5071, 5086, 5151, 5166, 5231, 5246, 5311, 5326, 5391, 5406, 5471, 5486, 5551, 5566, 5631, 5646, 5711, 5726, 5791, 5806, 5871, 5886, 5951, 5966, 6032, 6058, 6144, 6190, 6196, 6262, 6288, 6374, 6420, 6426, 6492, 6518, 6604, 6650, 6656, 6722, 6748, 6834, 6880, 6886, 6952, 6978, 7065, 7122, 7149, 7246, 7313, 7350, 7357, 7434, 7481, 7498, 7585, 7642, 7669, 7766, 7833, 7870, 7877, 7954, 8002, 8030, 8038, 8126, 8194, 8242, 8270, 8278, 8366, 8434, 8482, 8510, 8518, 8606, 8674, 8722, 8750, 8758, 8846, 8914, 8962, 8990, 8998, 9087, 9166, 9235, 9294, 9343, 9382, 9411, 9430, 9439, 9538, 9627, 9706, 9775, 9834, 9883, 9922, 9951, 9970, 9979, 10070, 10071, 10082, 10103, 10134, 10175, 10226, 10287, 10358, 10439, 10530, 10531, 10542, 10563, 10594, 10635, 10686, 10747, 10818, 10899, 10990, 10991, 11002, 11023, 11054, 11095, 11146, 11207, 11278, 11359, 11450, 11451, 11462, 11483, 11514, 11555, 11606, 11667, 11738, 11819, 11910, 11911, 11922, 11943, 11974, 12015, 12066, 12127, 12198, 12279, 12370, 12371, 12382, 12403, 12434, 12475, 12526, 12587, 12658, 12739, 12830, 12831, 12842, 12863, 12894, 12935, 12986, 13047, 13118, 13199, 13290, 13291, 13302, 13323, 13354, 13395, 13446, 13507, 13578, 13659, 13750, 13751, 13762, 13783, 13814, 13855, 13906, 13967, 14038, 14119, 14210, 14211, 14222, 14243, 14274, 14315, 14366, 14427, 14498, 14579, 14670, 14671, 14682, 14703, 14734, 14775, 14826, 14887, 14958, 15039, 15130, 15131, 15142, 15163, 15194, 15235, 15286, 15347, 15418, 15499, 15590, 15591, 15602, 15623, 15654, 15695, 15746, 15807, 15878, 15959, 16050, 16051, 16062, 16083, 16114, 16155, 16206, 16267, 16338, 16419, 16510, 16511, 16522, 16543, 16574, 16615, 16666, 16727, 16798, 16879, 16970, 16971, 16982, 17003, 17034, 17075, 17126, 17187, 17258, 17339, 17430, 17431, 17442, 17463, 17494, 17535, 17586, 17647, 17718, 17799, 17890, 17891, 17902, 17923, 17954, 17995, 18046, 18107, 18178, 18259, 18350, 18351, 18362, 18383, 18414, 18455, 18506, 18567, 18638, 18719, 18810, 18811, 18822, 18843, 18874, 18915, 18966, 19027, 19098, 19179, 19270, 19271, 19282, 19303, 19334, 19375, 19426, 19487, 19558, 19639, 19730, 19731, 19742, 19763, 19794, 19835, 19886, 19947, 20019, 20111, 20123, 20155, 20207, 20279, 20371, 20383, 20415, 20467, 20539, 20631, 20643, 20675, 20727, 20799, 20891, 20903, 20935, 20987, 21059, 21151, 21163, 21195, 21247, 21319, 21411, 21423, 21455, 21507, 21579, 21671, 21683, 21715, 21767, 21839, 21931, 21943, 21975, 22027, 22099, 22191, 22203, 22235, 22287, 22359, 22451, 22463, 22495, 22547, 22619, 22711, 22723, 22755, 22807, 22879, 22971, 22983, 23015, 23067, 23139, 23231, 23243, 23275, 23327, 23399, 23491, 23503, 23535, 23587, 23659, 23751, 23763, 23795, 23847, 23919, 24011, 24023, 24055, 24107, 24179, 24271, 24283, 24315, 24367, 24439, 24531, 24543, 24575, 24627, 24699, 24791, 24803, 24835, 24887, 24959, 25051, 25063, 25095, 25147, 25219, 25311, 25323, 25355, 25407, 25479, 25571, 25583, 25615, 25667, 25739, 25831, 25843, 25875, 25927, 25999, 26091, 26103, 26135, 26187, 26259, 26351, 26363, 26395, 26447, 26519, 26611, 26623, 26655, 26707, 26779, 26871, 26883, 26915, 26967, 27039, 27131, 27143, 27175, 27227, 27299, 27391, 27403, 27435, 27487, 27559, 27651, 27663, 27695, 27747, 27819, 27911, 27923, 27955, 28007, 28079, 28171, 28183, \( \textbf{28215} \), 28267, 28339, 28431, 28443, 28475, 28527, 28599, 28691, 28703, 28735, 28787, 28859, 28951, 28963, 28995, 29047, 29119, 29211, 29223, 29255, 29307, 29379, 29471, 29483, 29515, 29567, 29639, 29731, 29743, 29775, 29827, 29899, 29991, 30004, 30047, 30120, 30123, 30156, 30219, 30312, 30335, 30388, 30471, 30484, 30527, 30600, 30603, 30636, 30699, 30792, 30815, 30868, 30951, 30964, 31007, 31080, 31083, 31116, 31179, 31272, 31295, 31348, 31431, 31444, 31487, 31560, 31563, 31596, 31659, 31752, 31775, 31828, 31911, 31924, 31967, 32040, 32043, 32076, 32139, 32232, 32255, 32308, 32391, 32404, 32447, 32520, 32523, 32556, 32619, 32712, 32735, 32788, 32871, 32884, 32927, 33000, 33003, 33036, 33099, 33192, 33215, 33268, 33351, 33364, 33407, 33480, 33483, 33516, 33579, 33672, 33695, 33748, 33831, 33844, 33887, 33960, 33963, 33996, 34059, 34152, 34175, 34228, 34311, 34324, 34367, 34440, 34443, 34476, 34539, 34632, 34655, 34708, 34791, 34804, 34847, 34920, 34923, 34956, 35019, 35112, 35135, 35188, 35271, 35284, 35327, 35400, 35403, 35436, 35499, 35592, 35615, 35668, 35751, 35764, 35807, 35880, 35883, 35916, 35979, 36072, 36095, 36148, 36231, 36244, 36287, 36360, 36363, 36396, 36459, 36552, 36575, 36628, 36711, 36724, 36767, 36840, 36843, 36876, 36939, 37032, 37055, 37108, 37191, 37204, 37247, 37320, 37323, 37356, 37419, 37512, 37535, 37588, 37671, 37684, 37727, 37800, 37803, 37836, 37899, 37992, 38015, 38068, 38151, 38164, 38207, 38280, 38283, 38316, 38379, 38472, 38495, 38548

So, overall, 28215 is a very interesting number.

Perfect Powers

Firstly a reminder. What is a perfect power?

A perfect power is a positive integer that can be expressed as an integer power of another positive integer. More formally, \(n\) is a perfect power if there exist natural numbers \(m > 1\), and \(k > 1\) such that \(m^k = n\). In this case, \(n\) may be called a perfect \(k\)-th power. If \(k = 2\) or \(k = 3\), then \(n\) is called a perfect square or perfect cube, respectively. Sometimes 1 is also considered a perfect power (\(1^k = 1\) for any \(k\)).

Today I turned 28188 days old and one of the interesting properties of this number, apart from the digit 8 appearing three times, is that its sum of digits (SOD) and product of digits (POD) are both perfect powers. This is because:$$ \begin{align} \text{SOD}(28188) &= 27 = 3^3\\ \text{POD}(28188) &= 1024 = 2^{10 }\end{align}$$This got me thinking as to how many positive integers in the range up to 40000 have this property. Well, it turns out that there are 217 and here they are (permalink):

4, 8, 9, 18, 22, 44, 81, 88, 144, 224, 242, 333, 414, 422, 441, 448, 484, 844, 999, 1124, 1133, 1142, 1177, 1214, 1224, 1241, 1242, 1313, 1331, 1339, 1393, 1412, 1421, 1422, 1555, 1717, 1771, 1888, 1933, 2114, 2124, 2141, 2142, 2214, 2222, 2241, 2248, 2284, 2411, 2412, 2421, 2428, 2482, 2824, 2842, 3113, 3131, 3139, 3193, 3311, 3319, 3391, 3913, 3931, 4112, 4121, 4122, 4211, 4212, 4221, 4228, 4282, 4444, 4822, 5155, 5515, 5551, 7117, 7171, 7711, 8188, 8224, 8242, 8422, 8818, 8881, 8888, 9133, 9313, 9331, 11114, 11124, 11133, 11141, 11142, 11214, 11222, 11241, 11248, 11284, 11313, 11331, 11411, 11412, 11421, 11428, 11482, 11824, 11842, 12114, 12122, 12141, 12148, 12184, 12212, 12221, 12222, 12411, 12418, 12481, 12814, 12841, 12888, 13113, 13131, 13311, 13399, 13939, 13993, 14111, 14112, 14121, 14128, 14182, 14211, 14218, 14281, 14488, 14812, 14821, 14848, 14884, 18124, 18142, 18214, 18241, 18288, 18412, 18421, 18448, 18484, 18828, 18844, 18882, 19339, 19393, 19933, 21114, 21122, 21141, 21148, 21184, 21212, 21221, 21222, 21411, 21418, 21481, 21814, 21841, 21888, 22112, 22121, 22122, 22211, 22212, 22221, 22228, 22282, 22444, 22822, 24111, 24118, 24181, 24244, 24424, 24442, 24811, 28114, 28141, 28188, 28222, 28411, 28818, 28881, 31113, 31131, 31311, 31399, 31939, 31993, 33111, 33199, 33399, 33919, 33939, 33991, 33993, 39139, 39193, 39319, 39339, 39391, 39393, 39913, 39931, 39933

What about numbers whose sums of divisors are perfect powers? In the range up to 40000, there are only 18 and they are (permalink):

3, 7, 21, 31, 81, 93, 127, 217, 381, 400, 651, 889, 2667, 3937, 8191, 11811, 24573, 27559

Take 21 with divisors of 1, 3, 7 and 21 as an example:$$ \sigma(21)=32=2^5$$What about numbers whose totients are perfect powers? Let's recall that:

The totient of a number, denoted by the Euler's totient function \(\phi(n)\), is the count of positive integers less than or equal to \(n\) that are coprime (relatively prime) to \(n\). Two numbers are coprime if their only common factor is 1.

Numbers of this sort are more frequent with there being 119 in the range up to 40000. They are (permalink):

5, 8, 10, 12, 15, 16, 17, 20, 24, 30, 32, 34, 40, 48, 51, 60, 64, 68, 80, 85, 96, 102, 120, 128, 136, 160, 170, 192, 204, 240, 255, 256, 257, 272, 320, 340, 384, 408, 480, 510, 512, 514, 544, 640, 680, 768, 771, 816, 960, 1020, 1024, 1028, 1088, 1280, 1285, 1360, 1536, 1542, 1632, 1920, 2040, 2048, 2056, 2176, 2560, 2570, 2720, 3072, 3084, 3264, 3840, 3855, 4080, 4096, 4112, 4352, 4369, 5120, 5140, 5440, 6144, 6168, 6528, 7680, 7710, 8160, 8192, 8224, 8704, 8738, 10240, 10280, 10880, 12288, 12336, 13056, 13107, 15360, 15420, 16320, 16384, 16448, 17408, 17476, 20480, 20560, 21760, 21845, 24576, 24672, 26112, 26214, 30720, 30840, 32640, 32768, 32896, 34816, 34952

Let's take 20 as an example. The numbers that are coprime to 20 are 1, 3, 7, 9, 11, 13, 17, 19 and so we have we have a count of 8:$$ \phi(20)=8=2^3$$Next, let's consider the sum of the anti-divisors of a number. First let's recall what an antidivisor is using Gemini to explain in very clear terms:

An anti-divisor is a number that fails to divide a target integer by the largest possible margin. While a regular divisor divides a number evenly with no remainder, an anti-divisor leaves the most unbiased, centered remainder possible. [1, 2, 3]

The concept was first formalized by mathematician Jon Perry. [1]

Mathematical Rules

An integer \(d\) (where \(1 < d < n\)) is an anti-divisor of \(n\) if it satisfies one of the following rules: [1, 2]

• For even values of \(d\): The number \(d\) divides \(2n\) evenly. Mathematically, we have:$$n \bmod d = \dfrac{d}{2}$$
• For odd values of \(d\): The number \(d\) divides \(2n - 1\) or \(2n + 1\) evenly. Mathematically we have  [1, 2]:$$n \bmod d = \dfrac{d-1}{2}  \text{ or } n \bmod d = \dfrac{d+1}{2}$$

Visual Example: Anti-divisors of 20

To find the anti-divisors of \(20\), you look for numbers between \(2\) and \(19\) that fail to divide \(20\), but cleanly divide \(40\) (twice \(20\)) or \(39\)/\(41\). [1]

• 3 is an odd anti-divisor because \(3 \times 13 = 39\), leaving a gap of \(1\) (since \(\frac{3-1}{2} = 1\), and \(20 \bmod 3 = 2\)).
• 8 is an even anti-divisor because \(8 \times 5 = 40\). It divides \(2 \times 20\) perfectly.
• 13 is an odd anti-divisor because \(13 \times 3 = 39\). [1]

Key Facts

• The number 1 is never an anti-divisor, as it evenly divides all integers.
• The number 2 has no anti-divisors.
• Prime numbers have a limited number of anti-divisors based heavily on multiples of \(2n\). [1, 2, 3]

For a complete look at integer sequences and properties, you can explore the The Anti-Divisor - OEIS catalog. [1]

There are 20 numbers in the range up to 40000 that satisfy and these are (permalink):

6, 8, 9, 14, 36, 89, 96, 221, 541, 576, 740, 778, 1854, 2114, 2571, 10277, 13631, 16160, 16389, 39428

Let's take 39428 as an example. The antidivisors of this number are:

3, 5, 7, 8, 15, 21, 35, 105, 751, 2253, 3755, 5257, 11265, 15771, 26285

The sum of these anti-divisors is \(65536 = 2^{16}\) and so it is perfect power.

Further investigation could target:

• the sum of the proper divisors
• the sum of the non-divisors
• the determinant of the circulant matrix
• the arithmetic derivative

The Antisigma Function

The \( \textbf{antisigma}\) function returns the sum of the proper non-divisors of \(n\). I hadn't heard of it before but came across reference to it when researching properties of the number 77. Let's designate this function as a(\(n\)) and use 15 as an example to illustrate how it works. The proper divisors of 15 are 1, 3 and 5. This means that 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 and 14 are non-divisors and they total 96. Thus:$$a(15)=96$$A quicker way to calculate the sum of proper non-divisors is to use the following formula that makes use of the sum of the terms of an arithmetic sequence:$$ \begin{align} \text{a}(n) &= \frac{n(n+1)}{2} - \sigma(n) \\ \text{a}(15) &= \frac{15 \times 16}{ 2} - 24 \\ &=140-24\\&=96 \end{align} $$I had to be reminded as to the formula for the sum of the terms of an arithmetic progression with starting term \(a\) and common difference \(d\). The sum \( \text{S}_n \) of the first \(n\) terms is given by:$$ \begin{align} \text{S}_n &= \frac{n}{2}(2a+(n-1)d) \\ &= \frac{n (n+1)}{2} \text{ for }a=1 \text{ and } d=1 \end{align}$$The antisigma function differs from Euler's totient function that counts the number of integers up to a given number \(n\) that are coprime to \(n\). In the case of 15, we have:$$ \begin{align} \phi(15) &= 15 \times (1-\frac{1}{3}) \times (1-\frac{1}{5}) \\ &= 15 \times \frac{2}{3} \times \frac{4}{5} \\ &=8 \end{align}$$The eight numbers that are coprime to 15 are 1, 2, 4, 7, 8, 11, 13 and 14. 

The antisigma function relates to the non-divisors of a number and these differ from its antidivisors. The antidivisors of 15 are 2, 6 and 10. See blog More on Anti-divisors.

The OEIS includes various sequences relating to antisigma function. First and foremost there is OEIS A024816:

A024816: antisigma(\(n\)) which is the sum of the numbers less than \(n\) that do not divide \(n\).

This sequence begins:

0, 0, 2, 3, 9, 9, 20, 21, 32, 37, 54, 50, 77, 81, 96, 105, 135, 132, 170, 168, 199, 217, 252, 240, 294, 309, 338, 350, 405, 393, 464, 465, 513, 541, 582, 575, 665, 681, 724, 730, 819, 807, 902, 906, 957, 1009, 1080, 1052, 1168, 1182, 1254, 1280, 1377, 1365

Then there is OEIS A200981:

A200981: numbers \(k\) such that the sum of non-divisors of \(k\) is prime.

3, 4, 10, 21, 34, 46, 58, 70, 85, 93, 118, 129, 130, 144, 178, 201, 226, 237, 262, 298, 310, 322, 324, 325, 333, 334, 346, 382, 406, 418, 430, 466, 478, 502, 513, 514, 517, 549, 598, 622, 633, 634, 657, 658, 669, 706, 730, 742, 813, 826, 837, 838, 865, 922, 982, 985

Totient and Sigma Graphs Revisited

Not long ago, in March of 2025, I made a blog post titled Totient Function: Jagged Versus Rounded Local Minima about a special feature in the graph of the totient function. I termed this special feature the "rounded local minimum" as opposed to the more "jagged local minimum". I was reminded of this graphical curiousity because today the number associated with my diurnal age, 27885, marks such a rounded local minimum or "2-nadirs" as the OEIS puts it. Such numbers belong to OEIS A076773 : 

  A076773: 2-nadirs of \( \phi\): numbers \(k\) such that:

 \( \phi(k-2) > \phi(k-1) > \phi(k) < \phi(k+1) < \phi(k+2)\).

Figure 1 shows a graph of the numbers and the totients in the region of 27885:

Figure 1

In relation to the sigma or sum of divisors function, 27885 exhibits what might be called a "local rounded maximum" as opposed to a "jagged local maximum". These I also discuss in my Totient Function: Jagged Versus Rounded Local Minima blog. Figure 2 shows the situation.

Figure 2

Such numbers constitute OEIS A323380:

A323380   Odd \(k\) such that \( \sigma(k) > \sigma(k+1) \) and \( \sigma(k) > \sigma(k-1) \)

This turns out to be the same as A076773 with "sigma" replacing "phi" and "zenith" replacing "nadir":

  2-zeniths of \( \sigma\): numbers \(k\) such that:

 \( \sigma(k-2) > \sigma(k-1) > \sigma(k) < \sigma (k+1) < \sigma(k+2)\).

In the previously mentioned blog, I listed the numbers in OEIS A076773 and A323380 up to 40000 but I didn't realise at the time how many numbers these two sequences had in common. Here are the numbers that belong in both sequences (up to 40000):

315, 525, 1155, 1575, 1755, 1785, 1995, 2475, 2805, 3045, 3315, 3465, 3885, 4095, 4125, 4515, 4725, 5115, 5355, 5775, 6045, 6195, 6405, 6435, 6615, 6825, 7035, 7245, 7605, 8085, 8505, 8715, 8925, 9135, 9405, 9555, 9765, 9975, 10395, 11235, 11385, 11445, 11655, 12075, 12285, 12675, 12705, 12915, 13125, 13545, 13965, 14025, 14175, 14355, 14595, 14805, 15015, 15435, 15645, 15675, 16005, 16065, 16275, 16335, 16695, 16905, 17325, 17745, 17955, 18135, 18375, 18585, 18795, 19215, 19635, 20475, 20685, 21105, 21315, 21525, 21945, 22365, 22605, 22995, 23205, 23595, 23625, 23835, 24255, 24675, 24885, 24915, 25245, 25515, 25725, 25935, 26325, 26565, 26775, 27027, 27195, 27885, 28035, 28215, 28245, 28275, 28665, 28875, 29295, 29925, 30195, 30345, 30555, 30723, 30765, 31185, 31365, 31395, 31605, 31815, 32025, 32175, 32235, 32445, 32835, 33075, 33345, 33495, 33915, 34125, 34155, 34485, 34515, 34755, 34965, 35175, 35805, 36225, 36435, 36645, 36795, 36855, 37275, 37485, 38115, 38745, 38955, 39165, 39195, 39375, 39435, 39585, 39765, 39795

There are 238 totients and 267 sigmas with 154 in common (permalink).