Lottery Numbers

 

Figure 1

Figure 1 shows the Lotto results for Saturday night 21st June 2025. What's unusual about the numbers is that seven out of the eight numbers are even. I was wondering as to the probability of this happening. To begin with there are 45 numbers to choose from: 22 are even and 23 are odd. See Figure 2.

Figure 2

Looking at the draw we see that the first number drawn was a 6 and this is an even number. The probability of drawing an even number is 22/45. The next three numbers were all even as well and the probabilities are therefore 21/44, 20/43 and 19/42. Then comes the only odd number, 1, and the probability of drawing an odd number is 23/41. The final three numbers are all even with probabilities of 18/40, 17/39 and 16/38. So the probability of this configuration:$$ \text{even, even, even, even. odd, even, even, even}$$is given by:$$\frac{22}{45} \times \frac{21}{44} \times \frac{20}{43} \times \frac{19}{42} \times \frac{23}{41} \times \frac{18}{40} \times \frac{17}{39} \times \frac{16}{38} \approx 0.0023$$However, we're not concerned with that particular order of even and odd numbers. We only want to determine the probability of seven even numbers and one odd number. The odd number could be in the first to eighth position. Each of these eight configurations has the same probability, around 0.0023, so we need to multiply by eight. This gives 0.01820 to five decimal places or a probability of around 1.82% and so$$\text{probability of one odd and seven even numbers } \approx 1.82 \text{%} $$Another way to approach the probability is via combinations. Let's see if we get the same result using this approach. There are \(^{22} \text{C}_{7}\) ways of choosing seven even numbers from the 22 available and \( ^23 \text{C}_1\) ways of choosing an odd number. With no restrictions, there are \( ^45 \text{C}_8 \) ways of choosing eight numbers from the 45 available. Thus:$$ \begin{align} \text{probability } &= \frac{^{22} \text{C}_{7} \times ^{23} \text{C}_1}{^{45} \text{C}_8}\\  \\[-1.5 ex] &=\frac{170544 \times 23}{215553195} \\[-0.5 ex]  \\ &\approx 0.01820 \\[-1.5 ex]  \\ &\approx 1.82\text{%} \end{align} $$So there is agreement. The probability that all the numbers are even would be given by:$$ \begin{align} \text{probability all even } &= \frac{ ^{22} \text{C}_8}{ ^{45} \text{C}_8}\\ \\[-1.5 ex] &\approx 0.00148 \\[-1.5 ex] \\ &\approx 0.148 \text{%} \end{align}$$This is considerably more unlikely than getting seven out of eight!

Probability of Reaching a Home Prime

Looking at the 51 steps required for 20240802 to reach a home prime (the subject of my previous post titled A Long Way Home), I fell to wondering about the probability of a composite number forming a prime when its prime factors are concatenated in ascending order, or any order for that matter. The key point is that the prime factors must all end in 1, 3, 7 or 9 and so the numbers that are formed from the concatenation must also end in these same digits. This is the first fact that we must bear in mind.

Another fact is that the likelihood that a randomly chosen number less than \(n\) is prime is (approximately) inversely proportional to the number of digits in \(n\) (source). If we look at the growth in the length of the concatenated numbers that arise from 20240802, we see that starting with eight digits we end up with a prime of 103 digits after 51 steps. This is very close to an increase of two digits per concatenation. As the concatenated numbers get larger, the likelihood of a prime arising decreases in proportion to the length of the number. Armed with these facts, we can set about finding for any starting number the average length of resulting home primes and the average number of steps required to reach them.

Let's start with eight digit composite numbers formed from the dates of the year such as 20,240,802 that arises from the 2nd August 2024. The probality of finding a prime with numbers of this length is 0.05944 but once we reach the home prime of 20240802 with its 103 digits this density has reduced to 0.00422. However, the numbers that are forming from the concatenation all end in 1, 3, 7 or 9 and this considerably boosts the probability of a prime being formed. The 60% of numbers ending in 0, 2, 4, 5, 6 or 8 simply cannot be formed from this type of concatenation. So instead of 0.05944 out of 1, we have 0.05944 out of 0.4 and instead of 0.00422 out of 1, we have 0.00422 out of 0.4 as well. This translates to about 0.1486 and 0.01055.

Matt Parker giving a nod to the taxicab number
in a YouTube video on concatenation: link

So starting with eight digit numbers we have about a 15% chance of forming a prime but by the time we reach 103 digit numbers that chance has plummeted to 1%. So every two digit increase in the length of a number decreases the probability of a prime forming by about 0.28%. Conversely, the chance of a prime NOT forming starts at 85% for an eight digit numbers and increases to 99% for 103 digit numbers. This is an increase of about 0.28% for every one of the approximately 50 steps in the concatenation process. So even though the chances of a prime NOT forming at each step in quite high and increasingly slowly, the chances of a prime NOT forming from successive concatenations quickly becomes quite low. The progression is as follows (rounding to two decimal places):

• 0.85 to start with
• 0.72 for the first concatenation
• 0.53 for two concatenations
• 0.28 for three concatenations
• 0.08 for four concatenations
• 0.01 for five concatenations
• 0.00 for six concatenations and beyond

The mean is 0.05 so a prime should form between four and five concatenations on average. Clearly though there's more going on than is at first apparent here given that there are 471 numbers less than 10000 for which there are no known home primes with 49 being the first. It would seem likely that there will be many composite numbers without home primes amongst the numbers generated from the daily dates. 

Let's look at the some examples:

• 20240801 --> 2 steps
• 20240802 --> 51 steps
• 20240803 --> 3 steps
• 20240804 --> unknown
• 20240805 --> 6 steps
• 20240806 --> 1 step
• 20240807 --> prime
• 20240808 --> 8 steps
• 20240809 --> 13 steps
• 20240810 --> 11 steps
• 20240811 --> 2 steps
• 20240812 --> 13 steps
• 20240813 --> 8 steps
• 20240814 --> 14 steps
• 20240815 --> unknown
• 20240816 --> 25 steps
• 20240817 --> 2 steps
• 20240818 --> 5 steps
• 20240819 --> prime
• 20240820 --> 6 steps

If we ignore the primes, let the two unknowns be nominally 100 and put these results in ascending order, we get 1, 2, 2, 2, 3, 5, 6, 6, 8, 8, 11, 13, 13, 14, 25, 51, 100, 100 which has a median of 8. If we ignore the 51, 100, 100 then we have 1, 2, 2, 2, 3, 5, 6, 6, 8, 8, 11, 13, 13, 14, 25 which has median of 6. This is just a small sample and I'll need to research this topic further.

ADDENDUM

Concatenation of numbers can be achieved in Python and SageMath in two ways, one not involving strings (Method 1) and the other using strings (Method 2). I use the second method it's just simpler to remember. The code for both is as follows (permalink):

# Method 1

base=10

number1=17

number2=29

number=number1*10^(floor(log(floor(number2),base)+1))+number2

print(number)

# Method 2

number=int(str(number1)+str(number2))

print(number)

1729

1729

Key Points in the Year

Thanks to my newly initiated tracking of the number of days that have elapsed in the current year and the number of days remaining, I noticed that today is quite significant. The date today is August 7th 2021, a non-leap year, and Figure 1 displays the numbers.

Figure 1: source

These numbers, along with 365, factor as follows:

• 365 = 5 x 73
• 146 = 2 x 73
• 219 = 3 x 73

This means that today 60% of the year has passed and 40% remains. It can be seen that earlier in the year, on Wednesday May 26th 2021 to be exact, 146 days had elapsed and 219 days remained. Extending this it can be seen that:

• 073 = 1 x 73 --> March 14th (20% elapsed and 80% remaining)
• 146 = 2 x 73 --> May 26th (40% elapsed and 60% remaining)
• 219 = 3 x 73 --> August 7th (60% elapsed and 40% remaining)
• 292 = 4 x 73 --> October 19th (80% elapsed and 20% remaining)

Things of course are different during a leap year (the next is 2024) because:

• 366 = 2 x 3 x 61
• 366 = 2 x 183
• 366 = 3 x 122
• 366 = 6 x 61

It is only day 183 that yields a whole percentage (50%) and this occurs on July 1st of every leap year. However, the leap year divides into multiples of 61 and so we have:

• 061 = 1 x 61 --> March 1st
• 122 = 2 x 61 --> May 1st
• 183 = 3 x 61 --> July 1st (50% elapsed and 50% remaining)
• 244 = 4 x 61 --> August 31st 
• 305 = 5 x 61 --> October 31st