Deceptive Numbers

It's not surprising that I've not come across deceptive numbers before as they are quite light on the ground so to speak. Today, 27613 is the number associated with my diurnal age and it is a deceptive number but the previous such number was 24661 and the next will be 29431. So what constitutes a deceptive number? Here what Numbers Aplenty has to say:

Let us denote with \(R_k\) the repunit \(111\dots 1\) made of \(k\) ones.

It is known that every odd prime \(p\) divides the repunit \(R_{p-1}\).

R. Francis & T. Ray call a composite number \(n\) deceptive if it has the same property, i.e., if it divides the repunit \(R_{n-1}\).

For example, \(91=7 \times 13\) is deceptive because it divides \(R_{90}\).

Francis & Ray have proved that there are infinite deceptive numbers since, if \(n\)  is deceptive, then \(R_n\) is deceptive as well.

Every number greater than 2980 can be written as the sum of deceptive numbers.

Here are the deceptive numbers up to 100,001: 

91, 259, 451, 481, 703, 1729, 2821, 2981, 3367, 4141, 4187, 5461, 6533, 6541, 6601, 7471, 7777, 8149, 8401, 8911, 10001, 11111, 12403, 13981, 14701, 14911, 15211, 15841, 19201, 21931, 22321, 24013, 24661, 27613, 29341, 34133, 34441, 35113, 38503, 41041, 45527, 46657, 48433, 50851, 50881, 52633, 54913, 57181, 63139, 63973, 65311, 66991, 67861, 68101, 75361, 79003, 82513, 83119, 94139, 95161, 97273, 97681, 100001, ...

These numbers comprise OEIS A000864:

 A000864: deceptive nonprimes: composite numbers \(k\) that divide the repunit \(R_{k-1}\).

Smith Brothers

2542825429

On Thursday, the 21st April 2106, I posted about Repunits and Smith Numbers. The day was 24490 and the number turned out to be a member of OEIS A104167, a sequence whose members have the property that, when multiplied by any repunit prime, the result is a Smith number. Just to recapitulate from that post:

A repunit is defined by Wikipedia as a number like 11, 111, or 1111 that contains only the digit 1 — a more specific type of repdigit. The term stands for repeated unit and was coined in 1966 by Albert H. Beiler in his book "Recreations in the Theory of Numbers". A repunit prime is a repunit that is also a prime number. 

A Smith number is defined by Wikipedia as a composite number for which, in a given base (in base 10 by default), the sum of its digits is equal to the sum of the digits in its prime factorisation. For example, 378 = 2 × 3 × 3 × 3 × 7 is a Smith number since 3 + 7 + 8 = 2 + 3 + 3 + 3 + 7. In this definition the factors are treated as digits: for example, 22 factors to 2 × 11 and yields three digits: 2, 1, 1. Therefore 22 is a Smith number because 2 + 2 = 2 + 1 + 1. 

Today, I turned 25428 days old and this number is a Smith number with the property that the next consecutive number (25429) is also a Smith number. Such pairs of numbers are termed Smith brothers. They are not that common. OEIS A050219 lists the smaller of the members of each pair. Here is the list as shown on the OEIS website:

728, 2964, 3864, 4959, 5935, 6187, 9386, 9633, 11695, 13764, 16536, 16591, 20784, 25428, 28808, 29623, 32696, 33632, 35805, 39585, 43736, 44733, 49027, 55344, 56336, 57663, 58305, 62634, 65912, 65974, 66650, 67067, 67728, 69279, 69835

Here is a SageMathCell with the code that I wrote to generate this sequence (up to 25428). Note that print F must be changed to print(F) because SageMath is now using Python 3 and the old Python 2 code for print no longer works:

It works but I'm sure there are more elegant ways to generate the same result. Here is a Numberphile YouTube video that explains a little more about Smith Numbers:

Repunits and Smith Numbers

Today's number 24490 is a member of OEIS A104167: numbers n which when multiplied by any repunit prime Rp give a Smith number. The first few such numbers are:

1540, 1720, 2170, 2440, 5590, 6040, 7930, 8344, 8470, 8920, 23590, 24490, 25228, 29080, 31528, 31780, 33544, 34390, 35380, 39970, 40870, 42490, 42598, 43480, 44380, 45955, 46270, 46810, 46990, 47908, 48790, 49960, 51490, 51625, 52345, 52570, 53290, 57070

The OEIS gives an example for 1720:

1720 is a number in the sequence because 1720*Rp is always a Smith number, where Rp is a Repunit prime. Let Rp=11, so 1720*11=18920 which is a Smith number as sum of digits of 18920 is 1+8+9+2+0=20 and sum of digits of prime factors of 18920 (i.e., 2*2*2*5*11*43) is also 20 (i.e., 2+2+2+5+1+1+4+3).

A repunit is defined by Wikipedia as a number like 11, 111, or 1111 that contains only the digit 1 — a more specific type of repdigit. The term stands for repeated unit and was coined in 1966 by Albert H. Beiler in his book "Recreations in the Theory of Numbers". A repunit prime is a repunit that is also a prime number.

A Smith number is defined by Wikipedia as a composite number for which, in a given base (in base 10 by default), the sum of its digits is equal to the sum of the digits in its prime factorization. For example, 378 = 2 × 3 × 3 × 3 × 7 is a Smith number since 3 + 7 + 8 = 2 + 3 + 3 + 3 + 7. In this definition the factors are treated as digits: for example, 22 factors to 2 × 11 and yields three digits: 2, 1, 1. Therefore 22 is a Smith number because 2 + 2 = 2 + 1 + 1.

The first few Smith numbers are:

4, 22, 27, 58, 85, 94, 121, 166, 202, 265, 274, 319, 346, 355, 378, 382, 391, 438, 454, 483, 517,526, 535, 562, 576, 588, 627, 634, 636, 645, 648, 654, 663, 666, 690, 706, 728, 729, 762, 778, 825, 852, 861, 895, 913, 915, 922, 958, 985, 1086 … (sequence A006753 in OEIS)

Smith numbers were named by Albert Wilansky of Lehigh University. He noticed the property in the phone number (493-7775) of his brother-in-law Harold Smith:

4937775 = 3 × 5 × 5 × 65837, while 4 + 9 + 3 + 7 + 7 + 7 + 5 = 3 + 5 + 5 + 6 + 5 + 8 + 3 + 7 = 42.

In the case of 24490 and the repunit prime 11, the product is 269390 and the factorisation is 2×5×11×31×79. The sum of the digits of 269390 is 29 while the sum of the digits of its prime factorisation is 29 also.