Friday, 3 March 2023

Irrational Number Approximations by Egyptian Fractions

I've written about Egyptian fractions before in a post titled The Greedy Algorithm on the 2nd August 2020. However, this post deals with ways of representing proper fractions, like 5/7, as Egyptian fractions. How do we approximate an irrational number such as \(\pi\) by Egyptian fractions?

The question arose because the number associated with my diurnal age today, 26997, has a property that qualifies for admission in OEIS A132556:


 A132556

Egyptian fraction representation for the cube root of 82.  

In the case of \(82^{1/3}\) one obvious way of achieving this is to first get the initial digits of its digital representation. We find that:$$82^{1/3} \approx 4.3444814857686119017$$This means that the proper fraction to convert into an Egyptian fraction is:$$\frac{3444814857686119017}{10000000000000000000}$$Taking this fraction and using this algorithm, we find that:$$82^{1/3} \approx 4+\frac{1}{3}+ \frac{1}{90}+ \frac{1}{26997} +  \frac{1}{5832713646}+ \dots$$These initial fractions are in agreement with the OEIS output but subsequent ones are not. Of course, while the Egyptian fractions were ideally suited to the purposes for which the Egyptians put them, they were never intended as approximations for irrational numbers of whose existence they were oblivious.

Egyptian fraction representations are not unique and especially so when dealing with approximations of irrational numbers. The Engels expansion is an alternative and thus we have:$$82^{1/3} \approx 4+ \frac{1}{3}+ \frac{1}{90}+ \frac{1}{27000}+ \frac{1}{233280000} + \dots$$The best rational approximations for irrational numbers remain the progressive approximations afforded by the number's continued fraction. In case of the cube root of 82 we have the following progressive approximations:$$\frac{9}{2},\frac{ 13}{3}, \frac{126}{29}, \frac{391}{90}, \frac{ 1299}{299}, \frac{ 121198}{27897}, \frac{ 486091}{111887},\frac{ 2065562}{475445}$$Figure 1 shows an interesting and relevant response to the Quora question: Is there any pattern in the Egyptian fraction representation of Pi?


Figure 1

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